Explosions echoed across the pre-dawn sky as Ukrainian air defenses fended off a Russian attack on this small city in western Ukraine, home to an important air base and a frequent target of Moscow’s strikes.
Hours after the assault, the tidy streets of Starokostiantyniv had returned to a semblance of normality.
But the June 27 attack was a stark reminder of the challenges Kyiv faces as it rebuilds its depleted air force and deploys the first US-designed F-16s – fighter aircraft that Russia will be determined to ground or destroy.
The first planes are expected to arrive this month, and Ukraine hopes they will boost forces struggling to repel a Russian onslaught along the front line, which includes devastating glide bombs that F-16s could potentially disrupt.
Officials have not revealed where the F-16s will be based, but Moscow said after the strike on Starokostiantyniv last Thursday that it had targeted airfields it believed would house them.
The air base has come under frequent attack since the first days of Russia’s February 2022 invasion, including from drones and hypersonic missiles.
Residents of this historic military outpost of around 30,000 people, nicknamed Starkon, in Ukraine’s Khmelnytskyi region, have learned to adjust to the constant danger.
“In short, it’s ‘fun’ to live here,” said city official and local culture expert Vasyl Muliar with a wry smile, speaking after the recent attack.
A Ukrainian air force spokesman said the strikes presented “certain difficulties”, but would not undermine the delivery of F-16s or their use in battle.
Officials are tight-lipped about details of attacks on objects such as military bases and critical infrastructure.
Military analysts said the Russians were probably targeting air base infrastructure such as runways and storage facilities to make getting F-16s airborne more difficult, and, when they arrive, the Western jets themselves.
The Ukrainian military, which is low on air-defense ammunition, is also likely to be forced to move the prized planes around airfields, said Justin Bronk, of the Royal United Services Institute.
“Any ground-based air defense coverage can be saturated if the Russians care enough to fire enough missiles at one target,” he said.
After last Thursday’s attack, Governor Serhiy Tyurin said air defenses had destroyed nine targets over his region. Shortly before it, the Air Force had warned residents that drones were headed toward Starokostiantyniv.
Residents, careful not to divulge what might be considered sensitive military information, described living under the threat of being struck and amid the frequent roar of Ukrainian warplanes in the skies above.
Iryna Sapchuk, editor-in-chief of the local newspaper Our City, said her parents’ home had been hit in a previous raid, damaging the roof and shed.
“They found debris from a missile in a cherry tree by the window,” she added.
As in many other towns and cities across Ukraine, people appeared eager to project a sense of resilience despite the danger of war and the inconvenience of frequent power outages caused by Russian attacks on the energy system.
Road works continued as jets streaked overhead, while families and groups of teenagers cooled off at the local beach.
When she travels around Ukraine, Sapchuk said, she finds it hard to cope without the noise of airplanes.
“It’s too quiet for me,” she joked, adding that the sound had become a comforting sign that Ukraine’s outnumbered pilots were putting up a fight.
Muliar, the local official, pointed to the city’s history as a 16th-century bastion of defense and, hundreds of years later, the key nerve center for independence fighters of the fledgling Ukrainian People’s Republic after World War One.
“This was always a center of resistance.”
